Which of the following is a known risk factor for PE related to medication usage?

The use of estrogen-based contraceptives is associated with a known increased risk for pulmonary embolism (PE), primarily due to the effects of estrogen on coagulation. Estrogen can influence the clotting factors in the body, increasing the propensity for thrombosis, which can lead to the formation of clots in the veins. If a clot dislodges and travels to the lungs, it can result in a pulmonary embolism.

Many studies have demonstrated a significant correlation between estrogen hormonal therapy, including oral contraceptives, and an elevated risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), which encompasses both deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism. This risk is further heightened in individuals who may have other coexisting risk factors such as obesity, smoking, or a history of clotting disorders.

The other medications listed do not share the same strong association with pulmonary embolism. Antibiotics and analgesics typically do not carry a significant risk for clot formation. While some antidepressants can have cardiovascular effects, they do not have the same established link to PE as estrogen-based therapies do. Understanding these intricacies is essential for assessing risk factors when managing patients who may be on contraceptive medications.